What Is Pancreatic Cancer?
Pancreatic cancer begins in the tissues of the pancreas—an organ located behind the lower part of your stomach. The pancreas plays a key role in digestion and blood sugar regulation. Unfortunately, pancreatic cancer is often difficult to detect in its early stages, which can make it more challenging to treat.
The most common type is called pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which starts in the ducts of the pancreas. Less common forms include neuroendocrine tumors, which originate in the hormone-producing cells.
Why Early Detection Is So Difficult
Pancreatic cancer is often called a “silent disease” because symptoms may not appear until the cancer is advanced. Additionally, the pancreas is located deep within the abdomen, making physical detection during a routine exam unlikely.
Common Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Unexplained weight loss
- Loss of appetite
- Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back
- New-onset diabetes or worsening blood sugar control
- Fatigue
- Greasy or pale stools (due to malabsorption)
These symptoms can also be linked to other medical conditions, which is why it’s essential to seek professional evaluation if they persist.
Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer
- Age (most cases occur in people over 60)
- Smoking (a major risk factor)
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Family history of pancreatic cancer
- Obesity
- Type 2 diabetes
- Diet high in red or processed meats
Is Pancreatic Cancer Hereditary?
While most cases are not inherited, up to 10% of pancreatic cancers are linked to family history. Genetic mutations such as BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, and those related to Lynch syndrome may increase risk. Individuals with a family history of pancreatic, breast, ovarian, or colon cancer should discuss genetic counseling with their healthcare provider.
Diagnostic Tools and Tests
If pancreatic cancer is suspected, several tests may be used for diagnosis and staging:
- CT (Computed Tomography) scans
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
- Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
- Biopsy (to examine tissue under a microscope)
- Blood tests (including CA 19-9 tumor marker)
These tools help determine the location, size, and spread of the cancer, which is critical for planning treatment.
Stages of Pancreatic Cancer
Staging describes how far the cancer has spread. The four main stages include:
- Stage I: Tumor confined to the pancreas.
- Stage II: Spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.
- Stage III: Spread to major blood vessels near the pancreas.
- Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant organs such as the liver or lungs.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the stage and overall health of the patient. Options may include:
Surgery
For localized tumors, surgical removal offers the best chance of long-term survival. The most common procedure is the Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy).
Chemotherapy
Used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors, either before or after surgery or as the primary treatment when surgery isn’t possible.
Radiation Therapy
May be used in combination with chemotherapy to target tumors more precisely.
Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy
For certain genetic profiles, newer treatments that target specific cancer cell pathways may be available.
Prognosis and Survival Rates
Pancreatic cancer has one of the lowest survival rates among cancers, largely due to late detection. However, outcomes are improving with advances in screening, surgery, and personalized treatment. Early-stage detection significantly improves prognosis.
Living With Pancreatic Cancer
Coping with a pancreatic cancer diagnosis can be physically and emotionally overwhelming. Support from a multidisciplinary care team—including oncologists, gastroenterologists, nutritionists, and mental health professionals—can help manage the challenges.
When to See a Specialist
If you or a loved one is experiencing persistent digestive issues, jaundice, unexplained weight loss, or has a strong family history of cancer, it’s essential to seek evaluation from a specialist. Early referral to a gastroenterologist or oncologist may lead to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes.
Final Thoughts from Your Gastroenterologist
Pancreatic cancer is a serious but increasingly manageable condition when detected early. With greater awareness of symptoms and risks, and access to advanced diagnostic tools, patients have more options than ever before. If you have concerns, don’t wait—schedule a consultation with your healthcare provider today.
